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Writing

Articles on inscriptions, the script or sign system, iconography and writing in the Indus Valley Civilization from the earliest appearances of potters marks on. Includes articles by leading scholars of the Indus script, including Asko Parpola and Iravatham Mahadevan.

Indus Script: A Study of its Sign Design

  • Large unicorn seal
Nisha Yadav

A recent essay on the structural design of signs in the Indus script by experts at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. >

Toponyms, Directions and Tribal Names in the Indus Script

Iravatham Mahadevan

A recent paper by the late Iravatham Mahadevan and his collaborator M.V. Bhaskar looks at signs in the Indus script that can be related to physical features in the landscape, and how this might play out in terms of interpreting them. A number of interpretations seem to fit together nicely. >

Inscriptions Incised on Harappan Ivory/Bone Rods and Their Parallels among Other Types of Inscribed Objects

  • Readable bone rod inscriptions, with standardized signs and direction of writing (from right to left).
Asko Parpola

A compact and thought-provoking piece by Dr. Asko Parpola, inspired by Dr. Heidi J. Miller's article New Ivory Rods from Mohenjo-daro and an Exploration of This Object Class presented at the 2014 Stockholm EASAA conference. He narrows the focus to rods with incised inscriptions — about 32 texts, 26… >

Excavations at Harappa 1994-1995: New Perspectives on Indus Scripts, Craft Activities, and City Organization

  • Excavations at Harappa 1944-1955: New Perspectives on Indus Scripts, Craft Activities, and City Organization
Richard H. Meadow

Harappa Site Plan Until quite recently, the common view of the Indus Civilization has been as a phenomenon largely undifferentiated in space and time over more than 500,000 sq km and the 500 to 700 years of its existence (2600/2500-2000/1900 B.C.). With continuing archaeological work … >

The Murghabo-Bactrian Archaeological Complex and the Indus Script

Elisabeth C.L. During Caspers

An interesting article in which the author discusses the existence of Indus-type seals in the Gulf and Mesopotamian regions, their relationship to trade and other civilizations in the area, including the Central Asian Bronze Age civilization now better known as the BMAC (Bactrio-Margiana Archaeological Complex). After carefully reviewing the evidence for Indus settlers in ancient Mesopotamia, and their use Indus-type seals whose signs are ordered in ways not found within the Indus region proper, she discusses the relationships they may still have had with Indus peoples back home and the role of different kinds of writing in this relationship. >

Inscribed Objects from Harappa Excavations 1986-2007

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

The assemblage of inscribed and incised objects discovered at the site of Harappa during excavations conducted between 1986–2007 by the Harappa Archaeological Research Project (HARP). >

Private Person or Public Persona? Use and Significance of Standard Indus Seals as Markers of Formal Socio-Economic Identities

Dennys Frenez

This deeply investigative article published in Walking with the Unicorn (2018) takes on some of the most unusual facts about ancient Indus seals to surmise about their function in the Indus polity as a whole. >

Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script

Iravatham Mahadevan

In a tour-de-force of interpretation, Iravatham Mahadevan attempts to interpret two of the most common ancient Indus signs using parallels from old Tamil. >

Statistical Analysis of the Indus Script Using n-Grams

Nisha Yadav

Building on previous statistical approaches, the application of tools like n-gram Markov chains to analyze the syntax of the Indus script and form the basis for the development of a stochastic grammar to explore the syntax of the Indus script in greater detail. >

Origin and Development of the Indus Script: Insights from Harappa and other sites

  • steatite unicorn seal from Harappa
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

This comprehensive look at the development of the Indus script makes a clear and cogent case that its origins likely can be traced to the pre and post-firing graffiti marks found on pottery throughout the region. Ssigns that appear in these marks that later appear in the script, particularly the mo… >

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Intaglio seal with script and unicorn
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  • Alam, Iqtedar
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