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Asko Parpola

Ancient Indus questions answered by Dr. Asko Parpola, Professor at the University of Helsinki, Finland, and author of Deciphering the Indus Script and The Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions. He has numerous articles on this website, and the essay Deciphering the Indus Script.

36. Are there still many unread ancient Mesopotamian texts in archives that if researched properly, might cast light on the Indus civilization?

  • Incised ivory rod from Mohenjo-daro MD-412
Asko Parpola

Asko Parpola
Yes, there are still many unread cuneiform texts in the museums. [The ancient Indus trade village in Mesopotamia of] Guabba could be identified from one such text.

58. Why has the language of Harappa not been deciphered?

Asko Parpola
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Massimo Vidale
Nisha Yadav

What are the difficulties which makes it impossible to decipher the Harappan language? Aren't there any similarities with other languages?

Scholars answer another question from site visitors.

62. How old is the oldest ancient Indus writing?

Asko Parpola
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Massimo Vidale
Mayank Vahia
Nisha Yadav

Another question answered by expert ancient Indus scholars.

65. Why have Western and Indian experts studied the Harappan civilisation?

Asko Parpola
Massimo Vidale
Shereen Ratnagar

Among the more intriguing questions from site visitors, answered by three Indus archaeologists, from India, Italy and Finland.

68. If Harappan civilisation spoke a Dravidian language, how old is this 'spoken' language?

Asko Parpola
Mayank Vahia
Shereen Ratnagar

Another answer from our panel of ancient Indus experts to a question posed by site visitors.

71. Is there any reason to believe now that there might be a connection between the IVC script and the Easter Island Rongorongo?

Asko Parpola
Massimo Vidale
Mayank Vahia
Nisha Yadav

Some similarities have been found in the glyphs between Rongorongo and Indus writing. As well, the direction of writing (boustrophedon) might be the same/similar to Indus. What do scholars say?

72. Were seals also used as art objects and were they influenced by Sumerian seals?

Asko Parpola
Dennys Frenez
Mayank Vahia
Nisha Yadav

"There can be no doubt that some Indus seals are fine artistic achievements. Probably one of the main functions of the seal's iconographic motifs, and the quality of their carving, was to convey the status of the seal owner."

73. Are all the images of Indus seals available on the web for free download?

Asko Parpola
Massimo Vidale

Would it not be good idea to publish them so many people can see them and try their conclusions?

74. Are there tablets or seals having paragraphic Indus Script or is it just used for decorations and captions?

Asko Parpola
Mayank Vahia

The Babylonian texts like Code of Hammurabi in Akkadian and Sumerian seals of Urukagina state legal codes and regulations. Although the Indus script hasn't been deciphered, have any of the excavations resulted in similar seals which contain major textual references or is the Indus script just used as a tool for decoration?

75. Where does the interpretive controversy with Farmer on the Indus script stand today?

Asko Parpola
Massimo Vidale
Mayank Vahia

Answered by Massimo Vidale, Asko Parpola and Mayank Vahia.

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Unicorn Seal, Mohenjo-daro
Answers by Author (6)
  • Asko Parpola
  • Iravatham Mahadevan
  • Jane McIntosh
  • Richard H. Meadow
  • Rita P. Wright
  • Shereen Ratnagar
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