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Shereen Ratnagar

Ancient Indus questions answered by Dr. Shereen Ratnagar, was Professor of Archaeology at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India and is now an independent scholar noted for her work on investigating the apparent decline of Indus Civilization. She is author of Trading Encounters and End of the Great Harappan Tradition. She has numerous articles on this website.

12. Was the trade relationship between the Harappans and the Mesopotamians a direct one?

Iravatham Mahadevan
Jane McIntosh
Richard H. Meadow
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Or were there any mediators in Iran (which had a civilization in ancient periods which was located in the southwestern part of fertile cresent region)? As you know, the Rosetta Stone was issued by Ptolemy \/ - which was due to interactions between the Greeks and Egyptians. This interaction started with settling of Ionians and Cretans as per by Herodotus. Could it be that these mediators would have used both the cuneiform and Indus valley script? What are the possibilities of finding a bilingual according to you? Submitted by Arthur Evans

18. Why did the Harappans go to such extraordinary lengths and distance to obtain raw materials such as copper?

Jane McIntosh
Richard H. Meadow
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Why (as far as I know) was all the chert obtained from the Rohri Hills and distributed everywhere else? What does this tell us about the nature of the Harappan economy and society? Submitted by Gharial Abramnova from school student questions

25. Was feminine beauty exemplified by a race different than the one inhabiting the IVC?

Jane McIntosh
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

A stark contrast between the features of human figurines and masks of IVC period strikes me. Men have a narrow sloping forehead like a Neanderthal, whereas women exhibit a prominent vertical forehead with a much higher hairline. If my observation stands scrutiny, one possibility that comes to mind is that: Feminine beauty was exemplified by women of a race other than the one inhabiting the IVC. Somewhat like all Barbie dolls possess long limbs irrespective of which race they are supposed to represent. Does that hypothesis make sense? Submitted by Vasant Dave

17. What is your considered opinion on how and why the Indus valley civilization came to an end?

Jane McIntosh
Richard H. Meadow
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Submitted by Manzoor

Jane McIntosh
I don't think that there was a single cause of the Indus civilization's end; rather it was the cumulative effect of a number of factors:

22. Is there any evidence showing any connection to the Vedic Gods, such as Mithr (Mihr, Mehr, Mir)?

Iravatham Mahadevan
Shereen Ratnagar

Submitted by Steve

Shereen Ratnagar
No way of knowing—but the Vedas are centuries later. I do not find much attraction in theories that conjure up Brahmanical deities, even later Puranic deities, in connection with Harappan images. We require a modicum of “chronological discipline”(—let us choose a better term for this in our discussions).

30. Was there something mysterious that provided balance to Mesopotamian-IVC trade?

Jane McIntosh
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Trade between Indus Valley and Mesopotamia appears rather skewed in IVC's favour. IVC exported Gold jewelery, Ivory seals & boxes, Timber, Cotton textiles, Copper & bronze fish-hooks, Carnelian & precious stone beads, Live chicken, Shell & bone inlays, and even Water buffaloes. Mesopotamia exported only Silver, Tin and Copper ingots, Woollen textiles and Bitumen. Could it have been be sex trafficking from Ur, Dilmun and Magan to Sutkagen Dor, Sokhta Koh, Balakot and Allahdino?

31. What is the best thing that could happen to ancient Indus studies?

Iravatham Mahadevan
Jane McIntosh
Richard H. Meadow
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Jane McIntosh
Decipherment of the Indus script would be helpful – if nothing else, it should conclusively settle the non-Aryan/Aryan dispute – but the amount of information this would yield is severely limited.

37. If you had to place money on where a future Rosetta stone with inscriptions in the ancient Indus language and another language might be found, where would you bet?

Iravatham Mahadevan
Jane McIntosh
Richard H. Meadow
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Jane McIntosh

48. A case has been made for the late Harappans being the Vedic Aryans. What is your view?

Iravatham Mahadevan
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

This case is being made on the basis of circumstantial evidence. Did the people of Indus Valley Civilization interact with people of the Rigveda? What is the relationship between the Indus Valley people and Vedic people? Submitted by Shubha Khandekar and others

44. Who is excavating in the ancient Indus area right now, and where and can students participate?

Richard H. Meadow
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Submitted bu Ane À Ailes

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Answers by Author (6)
  • Asko Parpola
  • Iravatham Mahadevan
  • Jane McIntosh
  • Richard H. Meadow
  • Rita P. Wright
  • Shereen Ratnagar
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