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Ancient Indus questions answered by Dr. Dennys Frenez, University of Bologna, Italy. He has numerous articles on this website and is excavating in the Arabian Gulf looking for connections to ancient Indus civilization.

60. Who gave the same name "Mound of Dead" (Lothal & Mohenjo-daro) in different languages to these two places?

Dennys Frenez
Massimo Vidale
Mayank Vahia

Another answer to a question from you to our panel of leading Indus archaeologists.

63. Is there any evidence of trade with Egypt and Minoan Crete?

Dennys Frenez
Massimo Vidale
Mayank Vahia
Randall Law

Another question from site visitors answered by a panel of ancient Indus experts.

64. Why are flint and fire so important to ancient societies?

Dennys Frenez
Paolo Biagi

Another question from site visitors answered by leading archaeologists.

72. Were seals also used as art objects and were they influenced by Sumerian seals?

Asko Parpola
Dennys Frenez
Mayank Vahia
Nisha Yadav

"There can be no doubt that some Indus seals are fine artistic achievements. Probably one of the main functions of the seal's iconographic motifs, and the quality of their carving, was to convey the status of the seal owner."

82. Have the remains of a marketplace or shop been found at any of the Indus sites?

Dennys Frenez
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Massimo Vidale
Randall Law
Rita P. Wright

Are there any structural remains in any of the Harappan sites to point to a marketplace or shop where goods were bought and sold? What do scholars have to say about the market system in those days, apart from the well-known theory of goods being stored in a storehouse and taken by boats for trade?

Asked by Biswajeet Rath

93. Why do some people call Harappan civilization the "steatite civilization"?

Dennys Frenez
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Massimo Vidale
Nisha Yadav

And what exactly is steatite?

Dennys Frenez, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Nisha Yadav and Massimo Vidale respond.

55. What material was used to suspend the beads/pendants etc.?

Dennys Frenez
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

Another answer to a question from you by our panel of leading Indus archaeologists.

57. Have any ship wrecked Indus ships been discovered? There should have been many due to the extensive trade with Sumeria over many centuries.

Dennys Frenez
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Massimo Vidale
Paolo Biagi
Randall Law

Dennys Frenez

59. Could the bearer sign in the Indus script also represent weighing (judgement) as in using a balance scale?

Dennys Frenez

Another answer to a question to our panel of a dozen leading ancient Indus archaeologists.

Answers by Author (6)
  • Asko Parpola
  • Iravatham Mahadevan
  • Jane McIntosh
  • Richard H. Meadow
  • Rita P. Wright
  • Shereen Ratnagar
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