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Questions about trade networks, economics, and market practices among the ancient Indus Valley peoples.

12. Was the trade relationship between the Harappans and the Mesopotamians a direct one?

Iravatham Mahadevan
Jane McIntosh
Richard H. Meadow
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Or were there any mediators in Iran (which had a civilization in ancient periods which was located in the southwestern part of fertile cresent region)? As you know, the Rosetta Stone was issued by Ptolemy \/ - which was due to interactions between the Greeks and Egyptians. This interaction started with settling of Ionians and Cretans as per by Herodotus. Could it be that these mediators would have used both the cuneiform and Indus valley script? What are the possibilities of finding a bilingual according to you? Submitted by Arthur Evans

18. Why did the Harappans go to such extraordinary lengths and distance to obtain raw materials such as copper?

Jane McIntosh
Richard H. Meadow
Shereen Ratnagar
Rita P. Wright

Why (as far as I know) was all the chert obtained from the Rohri Hills and distributed everywhere else? What does this tell us about the nature of the Harappan economy and society? Submitted by Gharial Abramnova from school student questions

27. How did Harappans measure value?

Asko Parpola
Iravatham Mahadevan
Richard H. Meadow

How did they "pay"? I have often wondered how this took place in practice, assuming there was no currency as we understand it. How were luxury / prestige items such as gold and gemstone jewelery obtained by those who had access to them. How did ordinary people trade and obtain necessities and adornments, eg pots, cloth, food, bangles and everyday jewelery? What was the role of the rulers?

64. Why are flint and fire so important to ancient societies?

Dennys Frenez
Paolo Biagi

Another question from site visitors answered by leading archaeologists.

67. Is flint knapping around the Indus period similar or different to flint knapping in other Bronze age societies?

Massimo Vidale
Paolo Biagi

Another question from our site visitors answered by Indus scholars.

81. Are there significant changes in flint mining techniques between prehistoric and Indus flint knappers?

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Paolo Biagi
Randall Law

Paolo Biagi

82. Have the remains of a marketplace or shop been found at any of the Indus sites?

Dennys Frenez
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Massimo Vidale
Randall Law
Rita P. Wright

Are there any structural remains in any of the Harappan sites to point to a marketplace or shop where goods were bought and sold? What do scholars have to say about the market system in those days, apart from the well-known theory of goods being stored in a storehouse and taken by boats for trade?

Asked by Biswajeet Rath

88. What role do you think the Rohri flint mines played in the Indus civilization?

Massimo Vidale
Paolo Biagi
Randall Law
Rita P. Wright

Randall Law

93. Why do some people call Harappan civilization the "steatite civilization"?

Dennys Frenez
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
Massimo Vidale
Nisha Yadav

And what exactly is steatite?

Dennys Frenez, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Nisha Yadav and Massimo Vidale respond.

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