These doorways in modern Harappa show how a town grows into a mound. Dust and dirt in streets slowly collect and cover doorways. Ultimately they are abandoned and new doorways and buildings are constructed above them. This process is underway throug… >

Terraced fields along the Margalla hills north of Islamabad, represent the adaptive strategy of agriculture in different parts of the greater Indus Valley. Similar agricultural villages were established by Indus settlers in Baluchistan and the north… >

Latrines located inside a courtyard of modern Harappa town have drains that fall directly into the open street drain. (See Indus 1, Slide 12 for an ancient bathing platform.) >

Fish, like this large sting ray, are pulled on board and then removed from the nets. Prior to removing the sting rays, the stinger had to be snapped off. Otherwise, the flailing tail could impale unlucky fishermen. The stinger is a bone and cartilag… >

No "Great Bath" like that in Mohenjo-daro has been found in Harappa, and it is not known if one existed among the miles of ruins carted off for railway construction in the early 1850's. A large bath does however exist very near the mounds, construc… >

Nanga Parbat and numerous other glacier draped mountains of the Himalaya, Karakorum and Hindu Kush provide a continuous source of water for the Indus and its tributaries. These mountain ranges also provided important timber, animal products, and min… >

In the modern town of Harappa, a covered drain built along the outside of a house takes sewage water from a second storey latrine and bathroom to the street level drain without splashing people passing by on the street. >

Seasonal variation in fish occurs and is important to document these changes in order to understand seasonal fishing patterns in the present as well as the past. What I found in discussions with fisheries biologist at the Department of Marine Fisher… >

A traditional bullock cart and flat bottomed ferry boat are still used for local transport along the Indus River near the ancient site of Mohenjo-daro, Sindh, in Pakistan. >

A view of modern Harappa city which is built on top of a large portion of the ancient mound. Many of the streets and houses of the modern town are built directly above earlier streets and houses of ancient Harappa. >