Plan view of the so-called "granary" or "parallel-wall structure" on Mound F at Harappa indicating areas of HARP excavations conducted in 1997 and 1999.

Overview of the "granary" area looking towards the southeast.

Excavations in 1997 at the southeast corner of the "granary" area were undertaken to recover a full sequence of pottery, architectural features, and inscribed objects.

In the upper levels of , a small baked brick structure with sump pots was found.

Intaglio seal (H97-3433/7617-01) with script and unicorn motif found in Trench 41NE in 1997. This seal dates to approximately 2200 BCE, at the transition between Harappa Periods 3B and 3C.

J. Mark Kenoyer sitting in the right foreground takes notes during excavations at the southwest corner of the "granary" (Trench 1SW).

A massive baked brick revetment wall [329] surrounds the solid mud-brick foundation platform [50] of the "granary" that measures approximately 51 meters north-south and 41 meters east-west.

A broken steatite tablet (H97-3431/7615-01) was recovered from deposits just below the fired brick revetment of the "granary" platform and dates to Harappa Period 3B (2450-2200 BC).

A small faience ram amulet recovered from the fill associated with the southwestern edge of the "granary" platform. (Trench 41SW, H97-3434/7650-01, Length = 21.8 mm)

Excavations in 1997 at the northwest corner of the "granary" platform were undertaken to follow the outline of the structure and document its construction (Trench 1NW)).

Section through the northwestern portion of the "granary" platform directly below the baked brick "granary" walls (Trench 1NW).

Overview looking north of excavations at the southeast corner of the "granary" structure undertaken in 1999 (Trench 1C).

After clearing the overlying silt, the original forms of the baked brick walls and hollow buttresses of the "granary" could be made out.

Clearing outside the southeast corner of the "granary" revealed the underlying mud-brick platform and the top of the baked brick revetment.

Aerial view of the exposed southeastern portion of the "granary" structure shows the nature of brick bonding and the empty sockets that would have held wooden beams and supports.

Richard Meadow photographing the southeastern portion of the "granary" structure.

Deep digging at the southeast corner of the "granary" revealed an earlier building [wall 330] constructed along the same east-west alignment.

Detail view of a hollow area that would originally have held a wooden beam bonded into the baked brick structure. In the background is a wall remnant from the later rebuilding of the "granary".

Hollow baked brick buttresses were later built up against the original "granary" structure on top of a shallow mud-brick platform [400] that itself overlies the mud-brick platform of the original …

Excavation of one buttress [99] shows how the silt and garbage from the street spilled into the hollow area from the outside of the "granary", eventually blocking it entirely.

Detail view of the fill inside the "granary" buttress. Large pottery sherds, bone, and baked brick fragments lie on the bottom with finer silts on the top

All of the sediment and artifacts were removed from "granary" buttress [99] for analysis, revealing the method of corbelled arch construction.

After excavation, "granary" buttress [99] was reconstructed using the original bricks set into modern clay mortar.

Excavations were conducted in the narrow space running west from the buttresses and between the interior walls to determine what was inside of the "granary" structure.

In addition to documentation with still photography, J. Mark Kenoyer videoed the "granary" areas excavated and narrated details of the stratigraphy and of the brick construction.

This image looking east shows baked brick rubble and trash that had spilled through the corbelled arch of a buttress from the exterior street into a then empty channel between two "granary" walls.

After clearing an interior area in the southeast part of the "granary", it became evident that the inner baked brick wall of the original structure had been dismantled by the ancient Harappans before…

Looking toward the interior of the "granary" structure, the void of the original baked brick wall (vertical scale) is filled with small pieces of broken baked bricks and mud-brick rubble, while the…

After completing the excavation, the trenches were filled with sifted sediment and the "granary" structures were covered with a protective plaster made of clay and straw.

Excavations along the northeast perimeter of Mound F (Trench 41NE) identified traces of a massive mud-brick wall that protected the interior settlement (to the left) from floods and unwanted visitors…

Inside the city wall were domestic structures with hearths and large jars, part of structures that had encroached onto what used to be street along the inner face of the wall (Trench 41NE).

Detail of domestic structures with hearths and large jars set into the floor (Trench 41 NE).

Detail of domestic structures with hearths and large jars set into the floor (Trench 41 NE).

Excavation of the fill inside the jar (image 33) indicates it was left exposed for some time and gradually filled with silt as the room became covered with debris (Trench 41NE).

Also in a room encroaching onto the street were the upturned rim of a jar (on left) and two bases (center and right) that were used as hearths (Trench 41NE).

William Belcher has just removed charcoal for archaeobotanical analysis and radiocarbon dating from one of the hearths (image 35) and is making out a label for the sample.

Richard Meadow photographing the exposed wall and interior domestic features (Trench 41NE).

The interior of the city wall shows mud bricks made from different colors of clay used during different phases of construction.

Superimposed street levels inside the city wall indicate that this area was kept clear until the last phase of the Period 3C occupation when structures were built encroaching onto the street (Trench…

Section drawing of the cut through the Mound F city wall and adjoining interior street, facing east (Trench 41NE).

Excavations in 1999 along the western of edge of Mound F (Trench 43) revealed fallen rubble from walls that had collapsed late in the Harappan occupation of this area of the site. Drummers standing…

Overview of the upper levels of the Trench 43 excavations in 1999 shows the eroded city wall in the background and the fallen baked brick walls of late Period 3C structures in the foreground.

After removing the fallen walls, the interiors of the rooms were found to be filled with surprises. Here in Room 202 were scattered clay tops, beads, and inscribed seals (Trench 43).

Detail of terracotta tops found in Room 202 (Trench 43).

Faience button seal (H99-3814/8756-01) with swastika motif found on the floor of Room 202 (Trench 43).

Glazed steatite gaming piece, faience bead, and unfinished steatite seal (H99-3860/8756-30) from Room 202 (Trench 43).

Black and white spiral faience bead (H2000-5005/9845-48 from Trench 43).

Large lumps of a bluish grey paste that may have been used to make faience objects.

Unique cylindrical object made of maroon and white faience from Harappa (H99-3856/8756-26 from Trench 43, length = 21.9 mm).

A broken terracotta bird cage (near the scale at right) was discovered next to the remains of a broken storage jar that had been reused as a hearth (near the scale at left) (Trench 43).

Reconstructed bird cage (H99-4065/8768-7). On the other side it has a slot for a terracotta door, but no top was found. The exterior was decorated with red slip and black paint (Trench 43).

Terracotta bangle fragments decorated with red trefoils outlined in white on a green ground from late Period 3C deposits in Trench 43.

Detail of terracotta bangle with red and white trefoil on a green background (H98-3516/8667-01 from Trench 43).

Black steatite wig from late Period 3C deposits in Trench 43 (H98-3521/8668-02).

Drawing of black steatite wig from Trench 43 (see image 54).

Large unicorn seal (H99-4064/8796-01) found on the floor of Room 591 in Trench 43, dating to late Period 3C. This is one of the largest seals found from any Indus site.

Excavations in Trench 43 revealed collections of broken pottery that date to the final phases of the Harappan occupation of Period 3C, ca. 1900 BC.

Part of an antler, including the burr and the brow tine, shed from a large deer, probably sambhar (Cervus unicolor) or swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli) (H99-3828/8763-01 from Trench 43).

One of the falling walls in Trench 43 crushed a vessel that belongs to Harappa Period 4 (ca. 1900-1800/1700 BC).

This Period 4 globular pot (H99/8763-503) was found crushed beneath a fallen wall in Trench 43 (see image 59).

Period 4 globular pot (H99/8763-503) from Trench 43 after reconstruction.

Period 4 (Late Harappan transitional) kiln with hollow lower fire box and arched floor with holes for allowing heat to enter the upper firing chamber.

Looking into the hollow fire box of the Period 4 kiln with arched floor (see image 62).

Continued excavations in 2000 focused on the northern area of Trench 43. Here too were found fallen walls and well preserved living floors.

Collection of reconstructed pottery from the late levels of Trench 43. These shapes include the final Harappan forms (late Period 3C) and transitional Late Harappan period shapes (Period 4).

Overview of Trench 43 in 2000 looking north, showing the HARP-exposed circular platform in the foreground and the "granary" area in the background.

Pakistani excavators working in Trench 43.

Spherical agate weight with one side flattened (H2000-4496/9880-01).

Excavations of a large late Period 3C pit in Trench 43 resulted in the discovery of many broken figurines of humans and animals.

Collection of human and animal figurines from a large refuse dump in a pit in Trench 43.

Female figurine (H2000-4997/9811-02) from Trench 43.

Female figurine (H2000-4993/9845-07) from Trench 43.

Male figurine (H2000-4975/9878-07) from Trench 43.

Male figurine (H2000-4976/10,024-01) from Trench 43.

Male figurine (H2000-4974/9845-01) from Trench 43.

Randall Law and Shamoon excavating a red stoneware bangle in Period 3C levels just below the surface in Trench 43.

Red stoneware bangle (H2000-4490/9843-01) with no inscription.

While clearing a floor area in Trench 43, J. Mark Kenoyer discovers a broken unicorn seal.

Unicorn seal (H2000-4500/10007-01) found on the floor of Room 603 in Trench 43 (image 78), before conservation.

Unicorn seal (H2000-4500/10007-01) after conservation. Note the deeply chiseled engraving of the script similar to that found particularly on Period 3C rectangular seals.